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Short Story

Introduction
A short story is a prose narrative of shorter length than a novel. It is a fictional work depicting one character’s inner conflict or conflict with others, usually having one thematic focus. Short stories generally produce a single, focused emotional and intellectual response in the reader. Novels, by contrast, usually depict conflicts among many characters developed through a variety of episodes, stimulating a complexity of responses in the reader. The short story form ranges from “short shorts,” which run in length from a sentence to four pages, to novellas that can easily be 100 pages long and exhibit characteristics of both the short story and the novel.
Distinctions should be made between short tales and the modern short story as it is usually regarded. Short tales go back to the origins of human speech, and some were written down by the Egyptians as long ago as 2000 BC. They usually dramatize a simple subject and theme and emphasize narrative over characterization; the opposite is true of the modern short story, where characterization, mood, style, and language are often more important than the narrative itself.
Elements of the Short Story
The basic elements of the short story include setting (time and place), conflict, character, and theme. Most stories are set in present day, but settings of place vary from rural to urbanand from the exotic to the ordinary. The reader follows the main character (or protagonist) in a conflict with another character (or antagonist) or in an internal conflict with some antagonistic psychological or spiritual force. Characters range from familiar stereotypes, such as the aggressive businessman and the lonely housewife, to archetypal characters, such as the rebel, the scapegoat, and those engaged in some sort of search.
The subject of a short story is often mistaken for its theme. Common subjects for modern short fiction include race, ethnic status, gender, class, and social issues such as poverty, drugs, violence, and divorce. These subjects allow the writer to comment upon the larger theme that is the heart of the fictional work. Some of the major themes of 20th-century short stories are human isolation and personal trauma, such as anxiety; love and hate; male-female relationships; family and the conflict of generations; friendship and brotherhood; illusion and reality; self-delusion and self-discovery; the individual in conflict with society’s institutions; mortality; spiritual struggles; and even the relationship between life and art.
Art of the Short Story
The art of the short story employs the techniques of point of view, style, plot and structure, and a wide range of devices that stimulate emotional, imaginative, and intellectual responses in the reader. The writer’s choice and control of these techniques determines the reader’s overall experience.
Point of View
The three basic point-of-view techniques are omniscient (the all-knowing author narrates), firstperson (the author lets one of his characters narrate), and centralintelligence (the author filters the narrative through the perceptions of a single character). A seldom-used point-of-view technique is the objective (the author poses as a purely objective observer, never giving the reader access to a character’s thoughts), as in “The Secret Room” (1962) by the French writer Alain Robbe-Grillet, in which the author grimly describes a painting that depicts a murder.
American expatriate writer Henry James developed a number of theories about fiction that influenced generations of short-story writers, including Irish writer James Joyce, British short-story specialist Katherine Mansfield, and Americans John O’Hara, Katherine Anne Porter, John Updike, and John Cheever.
Style
Style is the author’s careful choice of words and arrangement of words, sentences, and paragraphs to produce a specific effect on the reader. An author’s style evolves out of the chosen point-of-view technique. The omniscient point of view produces a relatively complex style; the first-person point of view results in a simple style if it is recorded as “spoken,” more complex if written; and central intelligence generates a style that typically is slightly elevated above the intelligence level of the focal character. The simple, economical style of American Ernest Hemingway and his selection of images reveal subtle shifts in his characters’ psychological states. Hemingway’s style was particularly effective first-person narration, as in the famous opening paragraph of the 1927 story “In Another Country”.
Plot and Structure
There is a wide range of plot forms and structures found in the short story. A traditional plot has a beginning (introduction of the problem), middle (development of the problem), and an end (resolution of the problem). Some writers venture into less predictable plots, such as Canadian Margaret Atwood in her “Significant Moments in the Life of My Mother” (1983) which is seemingly plotless but deliberately divided into 13 brief episodes. Some authors complicate the structure of their plots with the use of flashbacks and flash-forwards; with a frame that encloses the story (a story within a story); or with subplots (secondary storylines) or double plots (two or more equally important narratives progressing simultaneously, usually converging at the end). Among other devices that enhance plot structure are foreshadowing, reversals of fortune, digressions, abrupt transitions, and juxtapositions of contrasting characters or settings.
Plots
A plot is the series of events that constitute the action of a narrative or drama. Writers employ a wide range of rhetorical devices for contrast and emphasis, including paradox, metaphor, patterns of imagery, repeated motifs, symbolism, and irony. Irony provides the reader with a contrast between reality and the fallibility of human perception, which is at the heart of most modern fiction. American writer Flannery O’Connor is a master of irony, as in the story “A Good Man Is Hard to Find” (1953) in which a manipulative grandmother imposes her will on a situation, with the ironic result that she and her family are killed by escaped convicts.
Story Types
These include, among other things, short tales, fantasies, humor and satire, confession, education, and religion. Fantasy stories often combine the old tales tradition with some supernatural details. The humor story is intended to surprise, delight, and entertain; a related type of story, the satire, is designed to attack the ills of society. Another type is the confession story, often done without the narrator’s awareness, as in “First Confession” (1944) by Irish writer Frank O’Connor.
The education story is concerned with the education of the main character, as in “Of This Time, of That Place” (1944) by American educator Lionel Trilling. The religion story can be either faithful to and supportive of organized religion or critical of it; “God Sees the Truth but Waits” (1872) by Russian Leo Tolstoy is of the faithful variety.
Next time, we are going to study a short story entitled " The Luncheon" by Somerset Maugham. I am sure you'll like this story very much. It is a very short humor story that has a traditional plot. Maugham in this short story ridicules social norms through the behaviors of a young writer and an aging socialite who meet for lunch in Paris.

شكرا الك محمد
بس مافي هيك مادة حاليا بالفصل الاول
لانو نزل الجدول
بتكون مادة فصل ثاني يعني $Don\'t know$

والله توقعت تكون فصل ثاني -- بس قلت تتسلوا لبين ما يمشي و ضع الدوام

أنا اسف على كل حال

بس لسا الجدول ما وصلني

شو أخبار الدوام صحي ؟؟؟

اليوم تفريغ وبكرا في محاضرة ترجمة
وبس مافي شي جديد

شكـــــــــــــرا انســــــــــــــــــة غووون
أهم شي ....
الكافيه فاتحــــــــــــــــة ولا لسسا ؟؟؟

موموجودة من اصلو Bad

ههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههه اي شو بدكن بالكافي

لك حتى مي مافي اللي بدو يشرب مي يروح عالزراعة laughing

اقتباس :

ك حتى مي مافي اللي بدو يشرب مي يروح عالزراعة laughing

يا حبيبي ---- يالله هيك أوفر للطلاب هههههههههههههههههه

لاحول ولا قوة الا بالله

اي لااااااااااااا والله والله ظلمناهم كلية غير شكل
بس حسينا حالنا سنة اولى ما نندل شي
وعلى فكرة في كفتيريا ممتازة كتيييييييييييييير Great

اقتباس :

وعلى فكرة في كفتيريا ممتازة كتيييييييييييييير

اي ممتااااااااااااااااااااااااااز -- اذا هيك

شو داومتو اليوم ؟؟؟؟؟

شو الوضع ؟؟؟

كلو تمام ما عدا المحاظرات لسا ما حدا رضيان يفوت يعطينا شي Sleep2

اقتباس :: كلو تمام ما عدا المحاظرات لسا ما حدا رضيان يفوت يعطينا شي Sleep2

ااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااام ---- و ليش بقااا ؟؟؟؟؟

مو عاجبينهم احنا يعني؟؟؟؟

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